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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
''Hazelwood School District et al. v. Kuhlmeier et al.'', was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that public school curricular student newspapers that have not been established as forums for student expression are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection than independent student expression or newspapers established (by policy or practice) as forums for student expression.
The case concerned the censorship of two articles in ''The Spectrum'', the student newspaper of Hazelwood East High School in St. Louis County, Missouri, in 1983. When the school principal removed an article concerning divorce and another concerning teen pregnancy, the student journalists sued, claiming their First Amendment rights were violated. A lower court sided with the school before it was overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
In a 5-3 decision rendered in 1988, the Supreme Court overturned the circuit court decision with a majority opinion that school administrators could exercise prior restraint of school-sponsored expression, such as newspapers and assembly speeches, if the censorship is "reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns". In this, school-sponsored newspapers are considered limited public forums of expression.
The case and the earlier ''Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District'' are considered landmarks for defining student right to expression in public schools. While subsequent courts have varied significantly on when the ''Hazelwood'' decision applies, the case remains a strong precedent in how student speech is regulated.
== Background ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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